(d)++Making+proteins

= Making Proteins = = =

What are triplets/codons?
====Triplets/Codons are the smallest instruction unit for protein synthesis. Triplets are made out of three nucleotides. One Nucleotide is a molecule which forms the backbone of the DNA. One strand of DNA is made of many nucleotides. (genetic recipe)====



[] a nucleotide media type="youtube" key="rW8NKvQQ8P4" height="315" width="560" Each position in the codon/triplet can be occupied by 1 of 4 different nucleotides, therefore there are 4x4x4=64 different kinds of possibilities to form a triplet/codon.

Function of the Codon
The order of codons form the basic building plan through coded information turns from genetic material into proteins in living organism cells. (genetic recipe)

The process of creating a protein with the help of codon
This process will be compared to a factory which produces proteins. There is a factory which sells 500 proteins. The construction plan of these proteins are stored in the DNA. The first step is to get a copy of the building plan to the production site. The process of getting a copy of the plan is called transcription. To get the information the DNA is split into 2 strands by a molecule which takes the building blacks of mRNA through an intake hole. A part of the strand, which consist of a series of codons is then copied into a blue print (mRNA), which is basically an exact copy of DNA except it does not have the nucleic acid know as T is replaced by the acid known as U. Each Codon is a signal for one specific resource (amino acid)**.** This is sent to the production machine (ribosomes). This machine then reads the instructions and creates the specific protein. This is the second process which is called translation**.** This process, called translation is carried out by ribosomes, which move along the mRNA and follow its instructions. The mRNA instructions are a string of units that, in groups of three, code for specific protein building blocks called amino acids. Ribosomes read the mRNA units in sequence and string together the corresponding amino acids in the proper order. (DNA to mRNA)

The process of transcription [] []) The visual representation of the process of translation

No the DNA is unable to leave the Nucleus. The reason for this is because the DNA unlike the mRNA is much too large in oather words the DNA has a double helix while the mRNA has a single helix which allows the mRNA to exit the nucleus. The reason why this can happens is because the mRNA has been processed post-translation which means it has been copied. This means a 5' cap has been added and a 3' poly(A) tail has been added. This 5' cap, which DNA does not have, allows mRNA to leave the nucleus through nuclear pores of the nucleus. (transcription factors made easy)
 * Can the DNA leave the nucleus?**

[] The mRNA (yellow strand) leaving the nucleus through the pore.

The message on the DNA is copied onto **mRNA** **The mRNA** leaves the nucleus and goes to a **ribosome** Inside the **ribosomes** the message on the mRNA is read and a **protein** is built.

media type="youtube" key="D3fOXt4MrOM" height="315" width="560" align="center"

[] recap of the whole process

Summary of Replication, Transcription and Translation Replication: When DNA is used to create DNA Transcription: When the base pairing rules G - C and A - U and DNA to make a mRNA Translation: When mRNA is used to make proteins this process happens very quickly despite its complicated procedures, 20 amino acids can be made in a short period of tiem approximately 5 seconds. (genetic recipe).
 * Copy the diagram on the top half of page 193 (end of Section 11.3 ) **
 * How fast can this process occur? **

citations:

DNAlearningcenter. //Youtube//. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. [watch?v=rW8NKvQQ8P4|http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=rW8NKvQQ8P4].

Pickering, W.R. //Complete Biology//. "DNA, proteins and the characteristics of organisms" N.p.: n.p., n.d. Section 11.3

"The Genetic Recipe for Making Proteins." //Howard Hughes Medical Institute |// //Biomedical Research & Science Education (HHMI)//. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. [].

"Transcription Factors Made Easy : Omni Brain." //ScienceBlogs//. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. .

"Transcription." //NDSU - North Dakota State University//. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. <[]>.

"Translation: DNA to MRNA to Protein | Learn Science at Scitable." //Nature Publishing// //Group : Science Journals, Jobs, and Information//. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. .